INTRODUCTION:

The review of literature is systemic identification, selection, critical analysis and reporting of the existing information in relation to the problem of interest. It helps in the formulation of a specific problem, acquaints the investigator with what is already known in the relation to the problem under a review and provide a basis for assessing the feasibility of conducting research.

This literature review is put in a framework to avoid pilling on of facts thus all related information is clustered under certain sub topics i.e.

1. Review of Literature related to knowledge of Pneumonia.

2. Review of literature related to prevalence of Pneumonia.

3. Review of literature related to prevention and control measures of Pneumonia.

KNOWLEDGE OF PNEUMONIA:

Lema KT et al., conducted study on knowledge regarding prevalence and associated factors of pneumonia among under five children at public hospitals in jimma zone south west of Ethiopia 2018 cross sectional study design was conducted on 306 systematically selected participants data was entered in to EPIDATA version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 23 for analysis variable with p- value less than 0.2 at bivariate logistics analysis were selected for further analysis by multivariate logistic regression to declare statistically significant Association at P value <0.05 prevalence of pneumonia among under fie children was 28.1%. This study showed that the prevalence of pneumonia was high. Therefore, intervention on potential determinates such as: improved housing conditions, health education on exclusive breastfeeding and nutrition, increase immunization and Vitamin A supplementation and early control of respiratory tract infection were recommended.¹

Mr Rahul Babasaheb Kadu et al., conducted a study on knowledge regarding prevention of pneumonia among mother of under five children in 2020 at Vitthal Rao Vikhe Patil Foundation’s College of Nursing, Ahemdanagar, Maharashtra, India. 50 Mothers of under Five Children were selected using purposive sampling technique. A structured questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge and practices. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. The assessment of post- test knowledge score of the mother of under five children regarding prevention of pneumonia shows that, majority of mothers 29(58%) had good knowledge, 21(42%) having the average knowledge. And The assessment of post- test practice score of the mother of under five children regarding prevention of pneumonia shows that, majority of mothers 50(100%) had good practices. After implementation of STP on knowledge and practices of the mothers of under-five children on prevention of pneumonia as compare to pre-test it shows that STP was effective educational strategies to create awareness.²

Hamid K. Mulani., conducted a study to assess the Effectiveness planned teaching programme on knowledge regarding ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) among staff nurse working in ICU’s at Tertiary Care Hospital Karad. A 60 staff nurses working in intensive care unit were selected by simple random sampling. contitative research approach with pre experimental one group pre-test post-test research design was used. The data were collected by structured questionnaire. The data were analysised using descriptive and inferential. The pre-test and post-test knowledge score among staff nurse the pre-test means score was 10.516 with SD 2.658 and post-test mean score was 16.633 and SD 2.524 and the mean difference was 6.117 and calculate t value was 17.712 which is statistically significant at level of <0.001. The study revealed that the planned teaching programme is effective to improve the knowledge about ventilator associated pneumonia.³

Mrs Vaishali Gaikwad et al., conducted a study to assess the knowledge regarding pneumonia among parents of under five children in selected hospitals of Pune city at Bharti Vidhyapeeth pune in 2020. The study was conducted with 100 sample. In presence study contitative approach is selected. The technique used for selection the sample is non- probability purposive sampling technique. The demographic characteristics shows that the measurity age group participants is 25- 30 of about 59(59%), 57(57%) mother’s were present with the child, 54(54%) belongs to nuclear family. 41(41%) mothers are with secondary education, 25(25%) of mothers with self-service, 36(36%) of father with secondary education and 53(53%) of fathers with self-service. From the above research, we conclude that parents of under-five children have adiqueate knowledge regarding pneumonia.⁴

PREVALENCE OF PNEUMONIA:

Nabanita Nirmolia et al., conducted study on prevalence and risk factors of pneumonia in under five children living in slums of Dibrugarh town in 2018. A total of 624 children were examined by house to house visit. A community based cross sectional study was undertaken in two slums of Dibrugarh town that were randomly selected. Prevalence of pneumonia was 16.34%. Socio economic status (p = 0.005), education of mothers (p = 0.000), timely initiation of complementary feeding (p = 0.006), complete immunization (p = 0.000) and indoor air pollution (p = 0.000), were significantly associated with occurrence of pneumonia. In multivariate analysis, pneumonia is significantly associated with indoor air pollution. High prevalence of pneumonia and its association with different preventable risk factors needs to be addressed. Different community-based intervention can be implemented to reduce these preventable morbidities.⁵

Jennie Johnstone et al., conducted study on viral infection in adults hospitalized with community acquired pneumonia prevalence pathogens and presentation in 2008. Total sample of 193 patients were included. Cross sectional method was used to analyzed viral infection in adults. A total of 193 patients were included; the median age was 71 years, 51% of patients were male, and 47% of patients had severe CAP. Overall, 75 patients (39%) had a pathogen identified. Of these pathogens, 29 were viruses (15%), 38 were bacteria (20%), 8 were mixed (4%), and the rest were unknown. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common bacterial infection (37%). Compared with bacterial infection, patients with viral infection were older There were few clinically meaningful differences in presentation and no differences in outcomes according to the presence or absence of viral infection. Infections are common in adults with pneumonia. Easily transmissible viruses such as influenza, hMPV, and RSV were the most common, raising concerns about infection control. Routine testing for respiratory viruses may be warranted for adults who have been hospitalized with pneumonia.⁶

Komnos et al., conducted study on prevalence risk factors and mortality for ventilator associated pneumonia in middle aged old and very old critically ill patients in 2914 at Europe. Twenty-seven European ICUs patients were selected. Method of the study was secondary analysis of a multicenter prospective cohort. Ventilator-associated pneumonia occurred in 103 middle-aged (14.6%), 104 old (17.0%), and 73 very old patients (12.8%). The prevalence (n ventilator-associated pneumonia/1,000 ventilation days) was 13.7 in middle-aged patients, 16.6 in old patients, and 13.0 in very old patients. Logistic regression analysis could not demonstrate older age as a risk factor for ventilator-associated pneumonia. Ventilator-associated pneumonia in elderly patients was more frequently caused by Enterobacteriaceae.⁷

PREVENTION AND CONTROL MEASURES OF PNEUMONIA:

Zohra S Lassi et al., conducted study to evaluate the effectiveness of zinc supplementation in the prevention of pneumonia in children aged two to 59 months in 2016. They included six studies that involved 5193 participants. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating zinc supplementation for the prevention of pneumonia in children aged from 2 months to 59 months. We did not identify any new studies for inclusion in this update. We included six studies that involved 5193 participants. showed that zinc supplementation reduced the incidence of pneumonia by 13% and prevalence of pneumonia by 41%. On subgroup analysis, we found that zinc reduced the incidence of pneumonia defined by specific clinical criteria by 21%, but had no effect on lower specificity pneumonia case definition .Authors' conclusions Zinc supplementation in children is associated with a reduction in the incidence and prevalence of pneumonia.⁸

Luciana F Gallardo et al., conducted study aims to evaluate the impact of oral care and Used of chlorhexidine gluconate on the prevention of ventilator associated pneumonia in patients admitted to an intensive care unit in 2020 in Brazil. An evaluation was performed on 229 patients admitted to ICU in 2012 and 329 in 2013. Oral care was based on the removal of secretions from the oral cavity with 0.12% chlorhexidine solution for brushing and sterile gauze for cleaning before a new aspiration. The cases of VAP were evaluated by observing respiratory signs, radiological changes, and culture and laboratory results. There was also a reduction in the incidence of early pneumonia (up to 72h of hospitalization). With regard to the etiological agent of infections, although Gram-negative bacteria predomi in the two periods studied, there was a decrease in the cases of Staphylococcus aureus infection. Conclusion: Oral care protocol has statistically significantly reduced the risk of developing early VAP in ICU patients, thus demonstrating the importance of multidisciplinary teamwork for hospitalized patients.⁹

CONCLUSION:

It has been presented under three headings: review of literature related to Knowledge of pneumonia, review of literature related to prevalence of pneumonia, review of literature related to prevention of pneumonia. 21 The review of literature presented in this chapter enabled the investigator to appreciate the seriousness of the problem and gain an insight into the way of conducting the investigation. These valuable studies were useful in selection and development of the instrument of investigation and deciding upon the research methodology. Besides this, these helped the investigator to broaden her understanding and gave insight into the problem and in planning statistical analysis.

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Received on 13.01.2025 Revised on 05.07.2025

Accepted on 07.11.2025 Published on 26.02.2026

Available online from March 03, 2026

A and V Pub J. of Nursing and Medical Res. 2026;5(1):49-51.

DOI: 10.52711/jnmr.2026.11

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